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Comprehending HIV and Aids

HIV and Aids are two correlated ailments which have serious consequences for patients. The aim of our discussion today is to understand what each entails and the issues that must be dealt with.

Defining HIV

First and foremost, HIV is a deadly virus that has a significant impact on the person’s immune system. The immune system is the all-important defense mechanism of the body. Its main objective is to protect the body from diseases. When the body’s natural armor against unfavorable agents becomes comprised, there is a definite cause for concern.

The acronym HIV, which means Human Immunodeficiency Virus, decimates the white blood cell count in the body. These cells are known as T-helper or CD4 and are replaced by HIV, which multiplies once it enters these spaces.

Gradually, the white blood cell count declines as the HIV spreads further. This results in the failure of the immune system to act appropriately. Therefore, an HIV patient would find it increasingly troublesome to deflect diseases since his/her body’s natural defense will fail to do so.

Thankfully, there are legitimate antiretroviral options available to combat HIV in patients, which can afford them a chance at a normal life again. Of course, treatment depends on the stage at which HIV is diagnosed. If the patient is lucky and the diagnosis is done relatively early, then doctors can work their way to better long-term health in patients. This is precisely why regular HIV testing is recommended.

HIV can be found in a person’s semen, blood, body fluids and even breast milk in some cases. It cannot be transmitted through urine, saliva or perspiration. However, individuals must be extraordinarily cautious when they initiate sexual intercourse, as adequate protection is obligatory to avoid transmission of HIV (or any type of sexual disease).

There are other factors which pertain to HIV as well. A contaminated or used syringe can be the cause of HIV. This is why it is imperative to use a sealed and brand new needle to inject any drugs or execute a blood test. Last but not least, women who are expecting and develop HIV, unfortunately, must act promptly. Pregnant females must be aware of the fact that if the virus is situated in their blood, it can easily pass on to the unborn child. Alternatively, the virus may be carried into the child’s body through breastfeeding. Pregnant women must already exercise every caution in the book and this is amplified when motherhood is imminent.

Understanding Aids

Aids and HIV are frequently mentioned in tandem which begs the question: how are they different? Aids is actually the syndrome or symptoms that are caused by HIV.

Aids stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is also called advanced HIV or late-stage HIV by doctors. A person with Aids is said to have a weak immune system which is unable to stave off ailments and infections. Aids is essentially the final phase of HIV, which means the infection has manifested itself considerably. The consequences of this can be fatal.

Carriage of HIV

Now that we’ve shared the fundamental details of HIV and Aids, we can shift the focus to learning how it is transmitted from one person to another person.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is disseminated through a number of ways. The most common theme is that a person may make contact with specific bodily fluids which emanate from a person who has HIV. Examples include the blood of a patient. For instance, if a person is subjected to a syringe which was used by another patient, then the blood of the former may already be contaminating the needle, which is how it could find its way into the bloodstream of the other. Semen can be transmitted through unprotected sex and so can pre-seminal lubricants. A mother may directly affect her infant child through the process of breastfeeding.

The actual procedure is called HIV transmission. The most common of the aforementioned causes is sexual intercourse. In the US, it is the number one reason for contracting HIV. Obviously, to greatly diminish the likelihood of HIV, individuals must be responsible and use precautions. Condoms are a given and instructions on how to use these are provided with the packaging.

Moreover, agents which do not transmit HIV include basic contact between humans such as exchanging pleasantries or embracing another person. Coming in contact with commodities such as dishes or doorknobs does not mean HIV is transferable (although it is always advisable to wash your hands frequently in order to help avoid any number of other diseases, including the common cold). Foreign carriers such as mosquitoes and fleas, which are known to carry multiple diseases, also do not carry this virus either.

Treating HIV Patients

Antiretroviral therapy can assuage and alleviate is when medication is prescribed which tackles the HIV infection. People who undergo this therapy are required to consume a combination of medicines on a daily basis. They actively prevent the virus from multiplying and replacing white blood cells in the human body. Additionally, the medication vastly reduces the quantity of the virus in the body. Naturally, lesser HIV is tantamount to better health and a greater capability of the body to combat concerns is restored.

In terms of the actual diagnosis, there is a fixed criterion to determine whether a person is suffering from HIV. Tests may indicate that determining a person’s white blood cell. A low count can indicate numerous issues, HIV being one of them. A CD4 count below 200 cells per cubic millimeter is a sign that HIV is at play. The average or healthy count of CD4 ranges from 500 to 1600 cells per cubic millimeter. Alternatively, the other reason may be that the person develops an opportunistic infection, which brings about HIV.

There is no cure for AIDS, but it can be controlled and people can live a fairly normal lifestyle as former NBA star Magic Johnson can attest to. With that said, careful practices during sex and when using injections is paramount to avoid the possibility of contracting this disease.

Rhinoplasty and Other Surgical Procedures Pertaining to the Nose

”Illustration of the human nose" — Photo by alexonline – yayimages.com

The phrase ‘nose job’ is often cited when it comes to celebrities. However, the surgical procedure is not just conducted for professional reasons but also personal ones. It may be required for any number of reasons, which we will discuss further below.

Definition

A nose job or rhinoplasty is a facial cosmetic surgery, which is ordinarily performed to enhance the physical appearance or simply as a reconstructive procedure. It involves adjusting nasal cartilages and the associated bones. Alternatively, it may also mean correcting the tissues of the nose to improve the aesthetic appearance.

Rhinoplasty may also be performed on a needed basis, such as rectifying nasal fractures. In this particular instance, the objective of the surgery is to revitalize the nose back to its original appearance.

Additionally, septorhinoplasty is a similar enucleation which is meant for people with nasal obstructions. In case an individual has any internal interference, then septorhinoplasty is the way to go. Besides, it also revamps the person’s physical appearance.

Pre Procedure Practice

Face Profile Generally, the procedure is performed as an outpatient at a hospital. An anesthesiologist is present to facilitate the process. Prior to undergoing surgery, patients must be examined i.e. their medical history must be studied and lab tests should be performed as well.

Other tips include avoiding aspirin in the days leading up to the procedure. The same applies to non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicines such as Advil and Motrin. In cases of confusion, a pharmacist can be consulted too.

Moreover, no solids or liquids should be consumed in the hours leading up to surgery. This is a common request made by doctors before trials or surgeries. Fasting before tests ensures that results obtained are accurate.

In this instance, if the stomach contains food then the chances of an anesthetic issue increase. Lastly, smoking should be avoided before the surgery and any infection or allergy must be treated.

Reasons for Rhinoplasty

If an individual’s nose size to facial balance is in disequilibrium or their nose width or the positioning of their nostrils is not right, then a rhinoplasty can be performed. Similarly, if there is a depression on the bridge of their nose or their nasal tip is either enlarged or pointed, then a nose job can be performed as well. Moreover, if the nostrils are too large or too wide and their nose is asymmetrical, then this surgery can be completed as well.

There are other explanations for the routine being executed. A cleft lip is one. This is a birth defect that involves a facial deformity close to the mouth and/or nose. This can cause those suffering associated with eating issues and will mean the individual will likely undergo corrective rhinoplasty.

Chronic sinus concerns are the second reason for the surgery. This can include anything from regular nasal allergies to sinus congestions. In most cases, an anatomical anomaly which is a structural issue that causes discomfort when breathing can be fixed with a rhinoplasty.

Injuries can also lead to this surgery. If a person suffers from a serious fall that damages their nose and requires surgery, then rhinoplasty is mandatory. Facial fractures or bruises are routine reasons for rhinoplasty. A plastic surgeon can fix issues such as breathing difficulties with a corrective surgery.

Finally, another actual reason for this surgery is low self-esteem. It is within the realm of possibility that a person may be dissatisfied with a part of their body. In the long run, this can cause diminished pride and the inability to cope with that overwhelming feeling and they may also become the butt jokes (bullying) which can lead to depression or other stressful ailments.

I addition, women who are not content with the size of their breasts can undergo breast augmentation or have breast implants inserted as well. Similarly, those who are willing can get rhinoplasty done too. Conventionally, this is the most common reason why individuals get rhinoplasty done.

Procedure

The surgical procedure can be conducted under general or local anesthesia, which varies case by case. Routine exercise may take an hour or two unless it is an intricate procedure, which may need an overnight stay at the hospital.

When local anesthesia is taken, the nose and the adjoining area become numb. The person may be slightly sedated during the surgery itself. In this state, a patient is completely composed and does not feel any pain whatsoever. On the other hand, general anesthesia puts the patient completely to sleep.

The surgeon makes a decisive incision inside the nostrils or from the outside, around the base of the nose. The cut is made to work on the nose if a cartilage graft is required. If the purpose of the surgery is to contract the width of the nose, then the incision might extend to the nostrils.

Furthermore, a splint, which is a metallic or plastic substance, may be placed on the outside of the nose. This regulates its shape once the surgery is complete, especially if the shape is modified. Also, tender plastic splints or a nasal pack may be placed inside the nostrils too. This is done to make sure that the wall that divides the septum is kept stable.

Post Surgical Care

Once the surgery is finished, patients are monitored during recovery. Once the effects of the anesthetic wear off, the patient is free to return home. They must rest with their head elevated, which can be done with extra cushions or pillows.

Swelling or bruising on several parts of the face is one of the after effects of rhinoplasty. For example, the nose itself, lips and cheeks can also be affected in the aftermath of this surgery. This usually subsides in a matter of days. Icing the face can help alleviate this issue vastly. As for the nasal splint that is placed during the operation, it can be removed a week or so after the surgery is completed. Once the swelling begins to lessen, naturally the splint will not fit. Once the gap increases and sufficient time has passed, it can be removed and a state of normalcy is resumed.

Nasal Allergies

”Woman — Photo by kaarsten – yayimages.com

The nose is an organ which is primarily used to breathe i.e. inhale and exhale. It forms an important cog in the respiratory system of the body and is also used to identify various smells as well. The nose allows the introduction of air into the body. During this process, specific cells communicate with the brain, enabling it to recognize an odor.

The hairs found on the inside of the nostrils have biological significance since they ensure that foreign particles are not transmitted into the body and only safe passage of clean air is executed. The air travels through the nasal zone before it reaches the lungs.

A nasal allergy is an inflammatory reaction to any number of irritants or allergens. Nasal allergies, which are also referred to as allergic rhinitis and hay fever, transpire when the immune system is affected by allergens in the atmosphere.

Routine

Allergies affecting the nose are quite prevalent, so much so that one in five adults in the United States suffer from a nasal predicament. Nasal concerns are not taken seriously since there is no chance of fatalities occurring because of such allergies. However, despite the general disregard, it causes considerable sickness in patients. The rapid sneezing, chest congestion, eye irritations, and a nose that is constantly blocked are all side effects of these allergies.

If left untreated, a niggling nasal nuisance can become much more, such as a sinus problem. Before such an unfortunate circumstance arises, patients must vigilant and nip their nasal concerns in the bud. If adequate treatment is availed in a timely manner, allergic rhinitis is definitely treatable.

Although patients have to endure an abject state, they fail to take the illness seriously. They treat the precursors mentioned above with disdain and negligence, which is not a sensible choice. They may be accustomed to concerns like regular congestion, sinus dilemmas, and mouth breathing.

Symptoms

Nasal Structure

Of course, we cannot discuss nasal allergies without expounding symptoms of the infection. Signals that require your attention include a runny nose which is perhaps the most common sign of allergic rhinitis. Naturally, the ideal way to avoid this instance is by avoiding allergy triggers. This forms a significant step to avert an overflowing nose.

Plenty of patients may exhibit an allergic reaction to pollen for instance. Although some triggers may be impossible to avoid outright, it is advised to decrease exposure. If pollen is an issue, then patients may opt to stay indoors when pollen is higher. Similarly, cat or dog hair may provoke an unfavorable reaction, which means those affected must refrain from making contact and wash their hands if a domestic animal makes contact.

The sinuses are small cavities that are found behind the forehead and eyes. These cavities may be laden with mucus in case an allergy (or other illness) develops. As a result, patients may sense pressure in their sinus area (aka sinus congestion). In order to reduce this condition, steam can be inhaled or a nasal spray can be used as well. In addition, there are numerous over the counter medications that can relieve sinus pressure, but it is recommended to speak to your doctor first to make sure you can take these meds, especially if you are taken other prescribed medication.

A bout of sneezing is another indication that an allergy is germinating. People can suffer from elevated episodes of sneezing, which can be cured with an antihistamine. The final symptom of a nose allergy is watery eyes and you may feel discomfort in your eyes. It is better not to rub the eyes profusely and wear glasses instead of contact lenses.

Treatment

Conventionally, mild allergic rhinitis is treated with over the counter medicine. Prescription drugs are not required as standard medication but can be used to tend to nasal allergies. A mild condition may affect an individual once or twice a year. It is best to speak to your doctor if you feel you have these symptoms.

Examples of over the counter medication include steroid nasal sprays. As shown in the picture above, these sprays can be inserted into the nostrils for relief. They reduce the inflammation or swelling in the nasal passages. They are recommended by doctors worldwide as the most viable option since they are instantly effective and convenient as well.

Furthermore, alternatives are antihistamines, drugs which directly impact the histamine in the respiratory system. Histamine is a chemical which is known to cause several allergic symptoms. The drug allows patients relief from itches and sneezes. Examples of antihistamines include fexofenadine and cetirizine. Although they can sporadically cause a sense of drowsiness, they are suggested strongly by doctors.

Decongestants are also useful if a patient is suffering from congestion in their chest area. While antihistamines can only curb allergy symptoms, it does not assuage the concern. This is precisely why patients require decongestants. Drugs such as Phenylephrine can decrease the inflammation and open the nasal passage. Last but not least, there are other options available to patients. For instance, Cromolyn is a nasal spray which can soothe the irritation of discomfort in the chest and the nose.

In case consuming over the counter medication is in vain, patients can seek alternative means. For instance, a steroid heavy nasal spray may do the trick. These are the most common treatment pertaining to allergic rhinitis. It is an all-purpose medication that allows users to hit multiple birds with one stone. Examples are Budesonide and Triamcinolone. Nasal sprays affect the concerned area and provide instant relief.

In cases where the severity is higher than usual and conventional medication does not have the required impact, then patients can undergo immunotherapy. This is a procedure where the body is exposed to small quantities of the allergen so that it becomes accustomed. With the passage of time, significant amounts may be able to offset an allergic reaction. Such allergy shots work in 9 out of 10 cases. An injection or oral tablets can be administered and the immune system in the body performs its function.

As mentioned, it is highly recommended to speak to your physician to determine (1) if the symptoms you are experiencing are due to an allergy or some other condition and (2) get the appropriate medication you will need to combat it.

What is Bird Flu?

Overview

Bird Flu, also known as Avian Influenza, is a viral disease that affects birds, primarily those of the poultry variety. Although birds are common plague carriers, the infection can extend to other animals and humans. The pathogen, also identified by the moniker H5N1, is a significant universal threat.

Pandemic

Although the earliest traces of bird flu can be traced back to the late 1950s, it wasn’t until 1997 that humans began contracting the antibody. A handful of people in Hong Kong were diagnosed with bird flu, six of whom died as a result.

In fact, according to the World Health Organization, bird flu killed nearly 60% of those infected with the virus. More prevalent in East and South Asia, the contagion even found its way to North America, where a person who had traveled from China to Canada was suffering from this virus.

Symptoms

Signs of how bird flu manifests itself vary from one individual to another. Typical indicators include conventional symptoms such as high fever, coughing, sore throat, running nose, and exhaustion respectively.

The aforementioned signals occur in mild cases. In circumstances that are more severe, these symptoms can develop into considerable breathing difficulties, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Causes

The original outbreak of H5N1 in humans was linked to the handling of infected poultry. The epidemic is intrinsically connected to the genus Anseriformes, which is a family of wild waterfowl, such as ducks and geese.

Bird flu can travel to land-based birds found predominantly in domestic poultry farms. This is how humans come in contact with the deadly virus. Any physical contact with infected birds can disseminate the disease. However, surprisingly, the consumption of bird products like eggs, even if taken from infected birds, does not transmit bird flu. The same applies to meat as well.

For a more scientific explanation, the trains of the common influenza germ that have undergone an evolution can enter the avian cells. Influenza is broadly categorized into three types, namely A, B, and C, respectively. Bird flu is caused by the A type, comprised of eight RNA strands.

Moreover, two distinct proteins called hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are located on the surface of the bacteria. The mainstream outbreak of bird flu, H5N1 owes its title to these proteins. The numbers actually indicate the number of each protein in the pathogen. Similarly, the bird flu eruption witnessed in 2013 was called H7N9, indicative of its protein quotient.

Bird flu is not the only influenza that affects animals. In fact, there are various kinds that impact animals. Likewise, take swine flu (SIV) for example, which is contracted from pigs and the like. A pathogen called Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or as it is widely known, Mad Cow Disease, also broke out in the late 90’s. Similar to bird flu, it was transmitted from cows to humans.

Furthermore, influenza viruses can spread easily since their mutation is quite rapid.

A concern for patients, doctors, and scientists is that mutations in the virus allow it to avert the body’s immune system, rendering old vaccinations futile in the process. Something similar occurred in 2011 when an existing cure was no longer sufficient in treating avian flu.

Risks

As mentioned, humans acquire bird flu when they contact infected birds or their excretions. This represents the highest risk of developing it. Unfortunately, the H5N1 pathogen is able to endure and can gestate for long periods of time. In fact, birds which are affected may secrete the virus in their salivation and feces for almost ten days. This means that any poultry that is prepared and dispatched to retailers and consumers is naturally at risk as well.

All in all, personnel who are running the greatest risk include poultry farmers of course. Beyond that, a person who travels from one destination to another may potentially incur the virus, too. Additionally, people exposed to blighted birds and those who undercook their meat or eggs can also develop bird flu. Last but not least, healthcare workers may also catch the disease from patients they are treating.

Treatment

Given that the predominance of bird flu in humans is sporadic, researchers have not been able to conduct sufficient research to develop a cure. Dealing with an outbreak likely requires extensive and rigorous medical trials and tests before an antidote is available.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the ideal way to prevent bird flu is to avoid exposure to the carriers of this disease. For example, bird feces are not just limited to poultry farms. Many birds discharge their waste on roads, buildings, and vehicles. It is not entirely outlandish to presume that a person could come in direct physical contact with it.

Furthermore, governing bodies such as the CDC and WHO (World Health Organization) suggest that antiviral medications such as Tamiflu and Relenza can be taken if a patient shows signs of avian influenza. Countries such as the United States are even stockpiling vaccinations in case of another outbreak.

Discolored chicken legs — “Hemorrhaging of the skin and legs is just one of the signs birds might exhibit when infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus.” (Wikimedia)

As it stands now, there is no vaccine available for the H7N9 bird flu type. However, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) announced years ago that a vaccination to prohibit humans from developing bird flu was in development. It has since reached fruition and has been procured by the US government should the need for mass distribution arise in the future.

Precautions

Although there is currently no cure for bird flu, you can take precautions to limit getting infected.

- As a general rule, good health starts with washing your hands, so one should be vigilant when handling food as well.
- Also, as a general rule, do not go to public places if you feel ill.
- Avoid contact with dead birds, birds that are ill, and birds in the wild. Contact local authorities if you see dead or sick birds.

For updated information, visit our article Bird Flu – A Follow-Up.

Treating Children with Asthma

Adults who are prone to developing asthma can be the result of various determinants. The condition can develop because of a variety of reasons and can get aggravated easily. Where adults can tend to their own needs and tailor their lifestyle or diet to improve their health, children, on the other hand, are more vulnerable when exposed to conditions like asthma.

In fact, research indicates that the median age of children diagnosed with asthma has decreased, which underlines the importance of being careful when they are young. Our aim is to comprehend what asthma entails, its symptoms, effects, and treatments, all from the perspective of a child.

Definition

Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways in the lungs. This condition makes the tubes in the respiratory system highly susceptible to bouts of laborious breathing. An episode where a patient is suffering from difficulty in breathing can be attributed to asthma (although there are many other reasons for this) and if it is asthma, the condition is called an asthma attack.

Conventional triggers include allergens and colds. For instance, you may have witnessed certain individuals refraining from occupying the same space as domestic animals. This may transpire since they are asthmatic and exposure to feline fur can provoke an attack immediately.

In order to contain asthma attacks, a combination of pharmaceutical drugs are required. Patients are also inclined to use specific inhalers, which is a common sight when they encounter an asthmatic patient.

If we focus specifically on children, particularly those under the age of five, it can be an arduous task to diagnose and administer asthma. The first signs of potential asthma development will be excessive coughing, which can be attributed to other ailments such as the common cold.

Furthermore, tests conducted may not be suited to children while certain asthma medication is only meant for adults and not children. These are the reasons that the health of children must be monitored carefully and precautionary measures be taken at the slightest sign of illness.

Symptoms

We alluded to the fact that determining asthma in children can be difficult. Nevertheless, there are symptoms to deduce whether a child has developed asthma or not. As we mentioned above, these include perpetual coughing and a wheezing sound particularly when a child exhales. Chest congestion is another signal of the onset of asthma.

Furthermore, what makes it increasingly harder to gauge this illness in children is that these symptoms can emerge in trends. For instance, they may exhibit themselves at night. There might also be periods where the child has obdurate coughing followed by a lull.

Last but not least, asthma is subject to entities and events. A common cold may initiate asthma in children. Likewise, allergens such as dust particles, pollen, and pet fur (dogs and cats) may bring about an asthma attack in a child.

In particular, plenty of young children have intolerance when it comes to pollen and the hair of domestic animals, which can shed frequently and cause discomfort. The worst aspect is that this may transpire unbeknownst to the parents.

Treatment

Despite the difficulty in diagnosing this breathing disease in children, it is imperative for parents to get their children tested at the first instance of irritation. With regards to treatment, there are several options available. First and foremost, it must be understood that any symptom of asthma, regardless of severity, must be considered serious. This is owing to the fact that asthma can quickly develop into a life-altering disease. Lack of management on the part of adults can be tantamount to emergency situations children may be unable to communicate.

Naturally, the prescription dosage depends on the frequency. Doctors may prescribe one of two measures. One instance is when quick relief is required. A quick fix will involve medication for rigid coughs and shortness of breath. These can trigger an asthma attack and the conventional method of combating that is with an inhaler. Whenever the child suffers from excessive coughing, their parents must ensure that they take the inhaler. Moreover, long-term management includes medication that impacts the inflammation of the tubes. It may be required on a regular basis in severe cases.

The inhaler can be supplemented with an instrument called a holding chamber, which is designed to ensure that the medicine reaches the lungs. The patient would put the inhaler through their lips and press the device that will allow the medicine to flow as they strongly inhale. Alternatively, a nebulizer is also an adequate device for treating asthma. A nebulizer is a machine with a compressor tube and accompanying mask, which helps deliver the medication.

Asthma medicines are also convenient and effective. Parents must follow the guidance provided by doctors. Allergy shots called immunotherapy are also a viable option if needed. Finally, whether medications do the trick or not, children must avoid exposure to asthma triggers at all costs.

If parents suspect that their child is asthmatic, they must consult a pediatrician who specializes in childcare or contact a dedicated allergist. Either or both of these individuals can help devise a plan, which can serve as a damage limitation exercise. The importance of knowing how to react to an asthma attack in your child simply cannot be overstated. Therefore, in cases of emergency, parents can administer the appropriate medication. The Center for Disease Control suggests that children with asthma should get an influenza shot annually.

Unfortunately, asthma in children has augmented in recent years. Research shows that children who are exposed to pollutants in cities are more at risk than children who reside in rural areas. The urban lifestyle exposes the former to all sorts of allergens and pollutants. In hindsight, parents must be careful in the first few years since their children may be susceptible to asthma and various other diseases.

Potassium Deficiency: Signs and Consequences

Overview

Foods that are rich in Potassium. iStock

From cell signaling to muscle contractions and nerve functions, potassium plays an important role in the healthy functioning of the body. But unfortunately, a majority of the US population is not consuming enough of this micronutrient in their daily diets. According to a national survey, 98 percent of US residents have potassium-short diet routines.

One of the reasons why this large majority of the population is not getting their potassium is because of the diminution of plant-based foods in our lifestyles. You might not notice an immediate effect of potassium deficiency, but there are multiple health and everyday issues that are associated with the shortage of this mineral in the body.

Constant Feeling of Tiredness and Weakness

Tired businesswoman in office — Tired at work? Lack of potassium may have something to do with it. Graphic Stock

One of the initial signs of potassium deficiency is that you start feeling tired without any explicable reason (of course, there are many other reasons for feeling fatigued. Check with your doctor to confirm the exact reason). Potassium, along with calcium, is responsible for regulating cell functions, which are deemed important for muscle contraction. With low potassium levels in the blood, muscles produce weaker contractions, which get highlighted by a constant feeling of exhaustion even when you haven’t been part of a rigorous physical activity.

Furthermore, a deficiency of potassium can affect the physiological activity of other nutrients. Research has suggested that the production of insulin can be affected by a potassium deficiency, which then spikes the levels of blood glucose. A sludgy blood circulation where cells can’t get enough necessary nutrition and oxygen also sets off the feeling of exhaustion and weakness.

Frequent Muscle Cramps

A sudden, elongated contraction of muscles is known as a cramp or spasm. They are quite normal when the body is involved in an increased physical activity (sports, gym, etc). However, people with acute potassium deficiency can experience these sudden muscle contractions more frequently.

Signaling of muscle cells that are involved in contractions is regulated by potassium channels. The nerve signals sent by the brain to end and start muscle contractions are relayed through potassium channels.

When there is an insufficient amount of potassium in the blood, it becomes difficult for the brain to effectively relay the signals regarding muscle contraction, which results in frequent cramps and spasms.

Cardiac Palpitations

Man clutching his chest from acute pain. — There can be many reasons for heart palpitations, and they all need to be looked at by a physician. iStock

Cardiac palpitations, which are one aspect of a condition called arrhythmia, can be associated with increased levels of stress and anxiety, where an individual feels that his/her heart is beating too fast or skipping beats. Besides the chest, this feeling of unrest can also be felt in the throat and neck.

Although there are numerous reasons a change in a heartbeat to occur, a shortage of potassium cannot be ruled out. As mentioned earlier, potassium plays a crucial role in cell signaling within the body. So, when there is a potassium deficiency, the regulation of heart cells, maintaining the rhythm of its beat, can lead to these palpitations.

Stiffness of Muscles

Womain holding neck from muscle stiffness — Keeping up with your daily recommended intake of potassium can help with muscle stiffness. iStock

Muscle stiffness and pain caused by rhabdomyolysis can also be prompted by a deficiency of potassium in the body. Rhabdomyolysis is a condition where the muscles break down and rupture due to a lack of oxygen. This usually happens when the blood vessels contract more than usual due to low levels of potassium in the bloodstream.

Digestive Complications

Contraction of the muscles of the stomach helps in the movement and propelling the food through the gut. This contraction is regulated by the cellular function of potassium, which relays the brain signals to these muscles.

With inadequate amounts of potassium, this communication gets disrupted, resulting in irregular muscle contraction, which often leads to constipation, bloating, and other digestive issues.

Breathing Issues

Potassium also plays a crucial role in the contraction of lung muscles. With not enough of this nutrient present for the communication of nerve signals with lung muscles, this breathing pattern gets affected and culminates in a shortness of breath.

Some studies also link potassium deficiency with psychological disorders and mood swings. One study indicated that among a group of people suffering from mental issues, 20 percent were suffering from potassium deficiency. However, these findings associating potassium deficiency with psychological diseases are not conclusive.

Increasing Potassium Intake Through Your Daily Diet

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, 4700 milligrams of potassium should be consumed through a daily dietary routine to ensure an optimal amount of potassium in the body. Increasing the number of fruits, vegetables, and nuts can help you get sufficient potassium. Here, we are listing some of the daily food options that are rich in potassium and also considered healthy due to their other nutritional content.

Cooked Foods

Beet greens, clams, pinto, and white beans in cooked form are good sources of potassium and other healthy nutrients. Baked potatoes (white and sweet) and yams are also a good option to fulfill your potassium needs.

In addition, avocados and bananas contain a big percentage of the recommended daily intake of potassium, as well as horseradish.

What About Potassium Supplements?

Nutritional supplements have become a rage among a large number of people. In some cases, they might help, but they are not a permanent solution to the problem. Therefore, physicians usually don’t recommend nutritional supplements; however, a doctor may prescribe a prescription for this mineral, which would be much more potent than something from over the counter. If the doctor does prescribe it, it is most likely the result of a blood count reading that indicates a low potassium level.

Similar is the case with potassium supplements. Some studies have shown that taking such supplements can result in adverse medical conditions. Supplements with a high content of potassium can damage the digestive tract and cause cardiovascular abnormalities. Only take such supplements if they are recommended by your physician.

In a literal sense, not a single cell can do its work in the absence of potassium. Maintaining a balanced diet is the best solution to evade all the discussed health issues that can be prompted by the deficiency of potassium in the body.

Five Common Digestive Issues and How to Manage Them

The human body is comprised of several systems such as the circulatory system which disseminates blood and the muscular system which enables the body to move.

The digestive system is another structure which is responsible for two processes: a) provision of nutrients which travel from our mouth into our stomach and intestines and b) discharge of waste from the body. The digestive mechanism involves the stomach, liver, and intestines, which means it is significant.

Given its central location and function, it is imperative that major issues are averted. However, humans are prone to developing digestive disorders and afflictions which can prove particularly painful. We will examine the most common ailments which can put the digestive system in disarray.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The issue of an irritable bowel syndrome manifests itself in a number of ways. Patients may experience pain in their abdomen on a regular basis. Alternatively, they may excrete substantial stool one day followed by watery excrement the next day.

According to the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, this syndrome is quite prevalent and affects between 10 to 15 percent of people worldwide. Additionally, it is estimated that at least 25 million of those affected reside in the United States.

The precise cause of irritable bowel syndrome is not known. However, a common countermeasure is to improve your diet and consume foods rich in fiber like fruits, while avoiding trigger foods like spicy meals.

A known cause of irritable bowel syndrome which is not linked to our diet is stress. A patient’s psychological health is all the more significant since it can affect their digestive system as well. Traits like depression and anxiety can be particularly detrimental. In fact, according to statistics, around 60% patients who suffer from irritable bowel syndrome have some form of a cognitive issue as well.

Constipation

The subject of issues affecting our digestive system shows some compelling numbers. For instance, people in the United States spend 725 million dollars annually on laxatives. These are pharmaceutical drugs that relieve constipation by flexing the patient’s stool. These are meant for short term usage and allow the stool safe passage through the intestinal tract.

The overwhelming use of these stimulants is a damning indictment of how reliant patients can be on medication. It would lead to the digestive system becoming dependent on medication, which would render it futile if taken in high doses. Furthermore, minor issues like constipation can lead to issues that are long-term in nature, such as hemorrhoids.

Much like irritable bowel syndrome, constipation can be evaded by adhering to a healthy diet which consists of fruits and vegetables and the appropriate intake of water.

Gallstones

Gallstones are the formation of substantial deposits in a patient’s gallbladder. The gallbladder is a miniscule organ beneath the liver that stores and secretes bile for the purpose of digestion. More than 25 million Americans are affected by gallstones, which is yet another mystifying fact regarding their overall health. This is besides almost a million new cases are diagnosed yearly.

Gallstones are small pebbles created because of extraneous cholesterol in a patient’s bile. Since the gallbladder is full to the brim, it blocks the passage to the intestines which causes patients to suffer from severe abdominal pain. Other effects of gallstones include excessive vomiting and the sensation of nausea.

Although medication can be taken to solve the issue, some people will have the gallbladder removed. The removal of the gallbladder is a common surgical process in the United States. This becomes necessary since gallstones can adversely affect the pancreatic and liver regions by causing an inflammatory action. As one doctor put it: “It is a useless organ.”.

A slightly adjacent fact is that the western diet is enriched with fats, which may be why millions across the country suffer from issues with their digestive systems.

Reflux

The occurrence of a reflux is when the patient experiences a sharp sensation such as heartburn after consuming a meal. Reflux is one of the more prevalent digestive issues which affect many patients. If you experience a reflux regularly, it may be a sign that you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Other symptoms of reflux include hypersalivation and a constant bad taste in the patient’s mouth. The process of reflux involves the advent of stomach acids backing up into a patient’s esophagus. The ultimate result of persistent refluxes is esophageal cancer, although that is the worst case scenario.

Refluxes can be treated by taking medicines which lower the acidity levels in the digestive region. A healthy diet which avoids foods and beverages such as acidic drinks such as soft drinks is also recommended.

Celiac Disease

A less common infection that affects only 1 in every 133 Americans is Celiac disease, according to the foundation Beyond Celiac. The worrying notion is that 83% of patients with celiac disease may not be aware that they are suffering from it.

Celiac disease takes place when patients develop a considerable intolerance of gluten, which is found in wheat and barley. If patients suffer from celiac disease and still consume gluten, then their intestines may be in the line of fire. Symptoms include diarrhea, constipation, and vomiting, all of which can be attributed to other digestive issues as well, which is why celiac disease must be detected in a timely manner.

Adults may also experience increased fatigue and seizures if they have this disease. In case of celiac disease, the apparent way to overcome it is to avoid gluten at all costs. Patients can turn their attention to alternatives like brown rice and lentils. If the human body is taken for granted and a healthy diet is not maintained, a person’s digestive system debilitates as a consequence, as well as a host of other diseases that may materialize. Regardless of the disease or condition affecting the digestive system, the bottom line is that a healthy diet can help people avoid multiple illnesses.

The Causes and Stages of Breast Cancer

”Breast Cancer Ribbon" — Photo by Wavebreakmedia – yayimages.com

In our October 2017 article , we discussed some of the statistics related to BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer. Let us continue with a more elaborate discussion of the underlying causes of this terrible illness, as a better understanding of breast cancer can lead to more vigilance and awareness.

When cells in the breast tissue face an alteration or they mutate and keep reproducing is when breast cancer transpires. Cells which are an anomaly typically assemble to form a tumor.

A tumor can become cancerous or malignant when these cells infiltrate other segments of the breast or if they disseminate to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic systems. The latter is a network of vessels that are meant to combat infections in the human body.

In principle, breast cancer originates in the glands which produce milk in the breasts. These are called lobules and carry milk to the nipples. Although less likely, breast cancer may be traced back to the fatty connective tissues in the breasts.

Causes

Breast cancer is launched by a genetic mutation that occurs in the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of breast cancer cells. This occurs is not an exact science yet, but research has indicated that a deviation may develop arbitrarily in some individuals over a period of time, while others may inherit it from their parent. There are also instances where breast cancer patients may suffer from cancer because of environmental exposure or their choices and lifestyle. Breast cancer typically affects women who are 50 and above.

Despite not being able to declare the precise reasons for breast cancer, we will turn our attention to the risk factors and determinants that may lead to the emergence of breast cancer. For example, a predominant risk is the individual’s age and gender. An aging woman is more susceptible in contrast to a younger man – yes, men can get it too. The greater the age, the greater the chances of developing a mutation, particularly for women. The risk augments dramatically once women reach the forty mark and are more common in females who are in the seventies.

Lineage and hereditary factors cannot be underestimated when it comes to breast cancer. An individual’s family history may give a strong indication with regards to whether they may be prone to the ailment or not. If a mother has or had breast cancer in the past, there is a chance their daughter may also suffer from a mutation in the future. In fact, the chances of contracting breast cancer are twice as much if the mother has been affected.

Furthermore, speaking of the mutation, it may manifest itself and cause cancer, without having a family history. Almost 10% of all breast cancer cases are considered hereditary, caused by genetic alterations like the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Having the aforementioned genes is not conclusive evidence that the individual will definitely develop breast cancer, but it does indicate that the associated risk is greater.

There are various other potential causes as well. Women who have dense breasts or have a record of having lumps in their breasts and also females who have had breast cancer in the past and recovered are all at risk of suffering from breast cancer again.

A woman’s hormones may also indicate if they are susceptible to breast cancer. For instance, girls who have menstrual periods earlier than the average age (before 12 years) and also females who experience delayed menopause (after 55 years) are at high risk of breast cancer. Concerned professionals genuinely believe the notion that excessive exposure to the female hormone called estrogen is a deciding factor. This is due to the fact that estrogen stimulates the growth of breast cells, some of which may ultimately become cancerous. The same applies hormone therapy for postmenopausal, which may also augment cancer likelihood. Lastly, a woman’s weight may also influence their chances of breast cancer.

Stages

Unlike other diseases and disorders, cancers are typically categorized by stages. More specifically, breast cancer is divided into five distinct stages.

Stage 0

The first stage, which is denoted by a zero, describes non-invasive breast cancers like DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma in Situ). At this phase, there is no tangible evidence of cancer cells or abnormal cells in the body. Hence, a potential break out in any part of the breast is not detected.

Stage 1

The next stage involves invasive breast cancer i.e. cancerous cells permeate through breast tissues. Stage 1 is further classified into two subcategories, namely IA and IB. The former delineates invasive breast cancer in which the specific tumor measures up to two centimeters in size but does not spread beyond the breast.

On the other hand, IB describes invasive breast cancer where a tumor is not present. However, there are small pockets of cancer cells in the breast, typically larger than 0.2 millimeters but not more than two millimeters in its entirety. Also, any instance which involves the presence of a tumor in the breast not larger than two centimeters also counts as IB type stage 1 breast cancer.

Stage 2

Moreover, stage 2 is divided into subcategories called IIA and IIB. IIA is invasive cancer where there is no tumor in the breast but the cancer is there in one or more axillary lymph nodes. These are typically under the arm or in proximity to the breastbone. Other factors include a tumor that is two centimeters or smaller and has spread as well. Also, ones which are larger than that but have not spread to the lymph nodes also count as IIA breast cancer.

On the other end of the spectrum, IIB is identified by a tumor that is larger than two centimeters in the lymph nodes, if it is between two and five centimeters and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes and also if the tumor exceeds five centimeters in size but is limited to the tissue.

Stage 3

Divided into IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC respectively. IIIA is invasive cancer where no tumor is located in the breast but the cancer is found in multiple lymph nodes near the breastbone. The tumor is larger than five centimeters in the lymph nodes or it has spread to multiple nodes also qualify as IIIA type stage three breast cancer.

IIIB transpires when the tumor can be of any size and disseminates on to the chest wall and incites an inflammation or an ulcer as well. It may spread onto several lymph nodes near the breastbone. Finally, IIIC is when there is no sign of breast cancer or if there is a tumor, it may spread to the chest and skin of the breast. IIIC type breast cancer can also disseminate on to the clavicle (collarbone) also.

Stage 4

As the numbers indicate, this is the final phase of breast cancer. You may have noticed two facts: the tumor increases in size in ascending order as it moves towards later stages. It began from less than two centimeters to more than five centimeters. Also, as we move towards later stages, the tumor spreads more extensively as well.

Stage 4 occurs when the cancer disseminates beyond the breast and onto other organs of the body, like the lungs, skin, bones etc. Doctors may use the terms advanced or metastatic to describe the severity of breast cancer.

Breast cancer can be treated if detected early. Women are encouraged to get a check up on a frequent basis, especially women who are in their later stages of life and/or have heredity factors that may indicate that they might acquire this disease.

A Brief Guide to a Healthy Heart

Heart with Muscles

From the getgo, stay away from sodium. If you are overweight avoid sugar, specifically bread and soda, and this is just the tip of the iceberg. According to CDC statistics, more than 600,000 people in the US die due to heart-related diseases annually.

With smart and healthy lifestyle choices, you can take care of your health. Let’s have a look at some of the measures which should be adopted by every individual to preserve the wellbeing of your heart and other elements of your cardiovascular system.

Addition of Fiber-Based Foods

Many people refer to fiber-rich food when they are suffering from digestive issues. However, a better approach is to make fiber-based foods a part of your daily staple diets. There are two noteworthy benefits of fiber-rich foods.

They help in reducing the levels of cholesterol. It’s now a well-established fact that increased levels of cholesterol can lead to multiple cardiovascular issues.

Fruits and vegetables rich in fiber make you feel satiated, this means you will not get troubled by cravings every hour and consequently, will be protected from an ill habit of overeating.

Aside from fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, chickpeas, and lentils are also a good source of dietary fiber. Also, munch on some raspberries and pears and cook some whole wheat paster while you’re at it.

Cutting Down the Consumption of Cholesterol

Cholesterol, an organic lipid molecule, is the main antagonist in heart-related health issues. Therefore, it is imperative to have a strict approach regarding its consumption. Cholesterol is found nearly in every animal-based food item so you have to take care of the consumption of all such dietary products.

From meat to dairy products to poultry and eggs, cholesterol is a constituent of all the meal items prepared from these ingredients. There is a widespread misconception that low-fat and lean cuts of meat are low in cholesterol. This is not the case whatsoever because you can get high levels of cholesterol from foods termed low-fat.

Therefore, it is always necessary to read and search the nutritional value of every animal-based food item before its consumption to keep the trail of cholesterol intake. In a healthy dietary routine, the daily intake of cholesterol must not exceed 300 milligrams.

Be especially wary of red meat, as there are a lot of health issues that can be associated with it.

Include Fewer Fats in Your Diet

Tree of Fruit In the craze of losing weight, many people go on to refrain entirely from the consumption of fats. This is not a healthy behavior because fat is one of the three basic macronutrients that are needed by the human body.

However, keeping their levels low in your diet and grains differentiating good fats from bad fats is the key to remain heart-healthy.

Unsaturated fats are considered healthy fats while saturated and trans fats are termed bad due to their detrimental effects. There are several natural food items, which contain saturated fats. The inclusion of avocados, peanut butter (natural), salmon, olive oil and nuts in moderate levels can fulfill the healthy fat requirements of the body.

On the other hand, greasy cuts of meat, fat-ridden dairy products, and various processed foods are rich in saturated and trans fats. Keep in mind that trans fats are the most detrimental variant of this macronutrient, particularly for the heart. Try to exclude them completely from your diet. Sometimes they are labeled as hydrogenated oils on food packages. So, carefully read the labels of processed food before buying them.

More Seafood

Salmon Filet Salmon is an excellent choice for your diet routine; if you choose wild salmon, it’s even better.

Adding more fish to your diet on a weekly or semi-weekly basis is a smart move to maintain the health of your heart. On one hand, they provide a good substitute by replacing beef and lamb meat.

Moreover, seafood is full of omega-3 fatty acids. Don’t get confused by the name of this unsaturated fat because it is actually very beneficial for the well-being of the heart and cardiovascular system.

Routine consumption of omega-3 fatty acids helps in lowering the levels of triglycerides in the blood, which consequently decelerates the process of plaque accumulation in the arteries. With this improvement in your cardiovascular system, you are actually reducing the chances of sudden heart attacks. Fish oil supplements also help in maintaining your blood pressure at healthier levels.

Weight Loss

Woman showing how much fat she lost Even though all the above-discussed measures ultimately help you to lose weight, you can also take a proactive approach to maintain your BMI.

Engrave it in your mind that obesity is a root cause of many critical diseases including heart-related illnesses. By adding more physical activity to your daily schedule and by having healthy food options, you can control your weight. It’s as simple as that.

Reduction of Alcohol Consumption

Happy friends toasting each other with beer Although red wine contains antioxidants that help in the detoxification of the body, most alcohol-based beverages are known for their detrimental effects on human health. Apart from the liver, the heart is the second most affected vital organ from excessive drinking.

Too much alcohol in your daily routine leads to hypertension (link alcohol article), it also increases the levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream. Moreover, your daily calorie count can also be disrupted by excessive drinking.

Therefore, try to cut down your alcohol consumption for the sake of your liver and your heart. An average-sized serving is deemed as moderate daily consumption of alcohol.

Smoking: Don’t Reduce, Quit!

Illustration of Cigarette onto of lung with heartbeat Here, we are just stating the obvious that smoking can compromise the health of your heart. Other than the frightening conditions of mouth and lung cancer, smoking can also inflict its detrimental effect on your cardiovascular wellbeing as well. And now with the addition of vaping devices, you are not much better off.

Regular smoking leads to the construction of blood vessels which in turn makes it difficult for the heart to properly perform its vital function of pumping oxygenated blood to each and every part of the body.

For the well-being of your heart, the well-being of your mind is equally important. High levels of stress are linked to high blood pressure and increased levels of blood cholesterol. Moreover, stressed individuals try to cope with their condition through unhealthy lifestyle choices, which also leads to negative effects on the heart and cardiovascular system.

A Guide for an Easy Calorie-Burning Lifestyle

Burning Calories — Photo by roxanabalint – yayimages.com

Regulation of calories has arguably become the single most important issue for people suffering from weight issues and consuming excessive calories is one of the primary causes of weight gain.

Therefore, in this article, we are going to talk about some simple and quick methods to burn more daily calories. All these calorie-burning measures can be adopted by making slight tweaks in our daily routine. Even if you are not suffering from the issue of overweight, these small adjustments can help you counter so many diseases that you might otherwise be subjected to.

Do Domestic Cleaning Yourself

What’s better than an activity that can make your abode more hygienic and clean while simultaneously help you to stay in shape? Cleaning kitchen counters, vacuuming the entire home space, doing dishes, and other related domestic cleaning activities can burn a good amount of daily calories without adopting any strict diet and rigorous gym activity.

Make Slight Changes in Your Daily Commute

Man bicycle riding on a city street By making little adjustments in your daily commute to the office, work or college, you can add an easy calorie-burning routine to your schedule. For instance, if your work destination is nearby your home and local traffic laws allow the bike ride on the roads then consider yourself lucky because an hour of biking with moderate speed can burn more than 500 calories!

Biking your way to work and back can help you burn a significant amount of calories without carving out any additional windows in your daily routine for workout activities.

If this option is not feasible, then some other tricks can also come handy in making your commute a calorie-burning routine. If you go to work in your own vehicle, then try to find a farther parking spot and walk your way to the office. Similarly, if you use public transit for your daily commute, you can get off a station or stop earlier to add some walk or brisk walk to your schedule.

All of the discussed measures are simple and easy to execute, you don’t have to do anything extra to burn calories through these little adjustments.

Walk the Dog

Woman walking a dog Having a pet in the house can be great for your mood. It also helps in creating an amiable environment in the house.

Moreover, having a pet dog can become a part of your easy calorie-burning routine. Take a walk with your dog a little further than you usually do or go to the nearest dog park. You can burn a nice amount of calories (and is also a good calorie burner for your dog!).

Stairs Over Elevators

By walking upstairs, you can burn double the amount of calories as compared to regular walking. Some people walk up four and five flights when at work just to keep their ‘blood running’.
So, just make up your mind to prefer stairs over elevators wherever you go. By making this simple adjustment in your lifestyle, you can burn more calories on daily basis.

Get Your Gardening Done

Person tending to her lawn If your home has an outdoor space, then you can also put it to use to burn some more calories. Set up a small garden there and take up all its maintenance and sprucing activities on your own. While providing you with a great environmental friendly hobby, light gardening activity (watering, weed removal etc) for half an hour can help you in burning more than 100 calories. You can also grow some seasonal vegetables to save some bucks on your grocery shopping.

Window Shopping

Many people find it very pleasing to roam around in a mall and just check out recent products and fashion articles on display. If you are one of those individuals, then there is good news for you. You can burn roughly 100 calories with just half an hour of window shopping.

Two-Minute Walk Breaks and Lunchtime Wander

While sitting at your desk at work, you don’t need to walk for more than a few seconds throughout your shift. You can make a simple amendment in this stagnant activity to add more of a whole body movement in your working hours.

Add a two-minute window of walking every hour because one research shows that by doing so can counterbalance the detrimental effects of excessive sitting. You can devise a two-minute round-trip from your desk for every working hour. It’s very doable and will help you to prevent in developing a pot belly.

Moreover, don’t spend your lunch break in the same position you sit all day at work. Go out, have some fresh air and take a stroll for 15-20 minutes. It will rejuvenate your mind and also burn few calories.

High Line NYC — Walking the 1.4 mile High Line in New York City is an excellent way to burn off calories and keep that blood pumping

Apart from all these easy daily activities that can help you burn some quick calories, there are some occasional (weekly or fortnightly) activities that can serve the same purpose.

Site seeing, outdoor games or a hike: Explore your surroundings in whichever way you want. Try to schedule any such activity on weekends which can be served as a recreational escape and a way to burn lots of calories. If you live in or near a big city, why not play tourist and check out all the city has to offer. In addition, just going to the city and walking a good couple of miles is a great calorie burner. In New York City, the borough of Manhattan is designed in grids; that is, every block from north to south is 1/10 of a mile, so every 20 blocks equates to one mile.

Car wash: You can save money and burn calories by cleaning and washing your car on your own.

Bottom Line:

Exercising your body to do daily routines will help you to get rid of those extra calories and keep those vital organs running at optimum levels.