Best Nutrients for the Brain

Overview

Providing the brain with the proper nutrients is essential for our cognitive health. This article serves as a supplement to our article about the Top Foods for the Brain. In that article, we discussed what foods are best to eat for your brain health. Here, we will delve deeper by discussing the nutrients in these foods and how these nutrients help support brain health.

If you want to skip the science of these nutrients and get the list of foods that are good for your brain and why, just scroll down.

Let’s begin.

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Photo of salman and other foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in omega-3 fatty acids are healthy fats, as opposed to saturated fats and trans fats. They are essential for brain and heart health. Ok, we probably already scared you off with the term polyunsaturated, so let’s break this down, starting with what a fat is.

What is a Fat?

A fat is a type of nutrient that your body uses for energy. It is a lipid. Oh boy, here is another term that may be confusing you, but don’t worry if you don’t know what that is. We are going to define it right now.

What is a Lipid?

If you remember chemistry, A lipid is primarily made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, which allows it to store a lot of energy in a small space. This energy can be held over or later used when required.

For those of you in the electronics industry, that would be equivalent to storing energy in a capacitor.

For you chemistry buffs, the chemical breakdown is Glycerol (C₃H₅(OH)₃). It is a small, three-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl groups (-OH). Glycerol acts as the backbone to which the fatty acids attach.

So What are Fatty Acids?

These are long chains of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end. The length of the chain and the number of hydrogen atoms attached vary, which changes the type of fatty acid.

And the Rest

“Poly” means many.
“Unsaturated” means that the fat has more than one double bond in its carbon chain, meaning that, in its simplest definition, it is two atoms that share two pairs of electrons. (A single bond is two atoms that share the same one electron).
These double bonds create multiple bends, which makes it harder for the fat to pack tightly together. That’s why polyunsaturated fats (like vegetable oils) are liquid at room temperature.

Example:

Let’s Imagine a fat molecule to be a string of beads. In saturated fats, all the beads are tightly packed together, like a straight bracelet with no gaps, but In polyunsaturated fats, some beads are missing (the hydrogen atoms), creating bends in the string. This makes the string loose and flexible, which is why these fats are more fluid.

Because these bends stay liquid, they are healthier for your body because they don’t clog up your arteries the way solid fats can. So, the chemical breakdown of polyunsaturated fats simply means they have multiple double bonds in their carbon chain, giving them flexibility and health benefits.

Some food sources with omega-3 fatty acids: Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts

2. Antioxidants

Antioxidants help protect your body from damage caused by free radicals, which contain atoms that are missing electrons in their outer shell. Because of this imbalance in the atoms, they become unstable, leading to cell damage. The result is more risk of diseases, such as cancer and heart disease.

Free radicals are produced naturally in the body, but can also result from environmental factors such as pollution, radiation, and smoking.

Foods that contain antioxidants: Berries (blueberries, strawberries), dark chocolate, green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale), and nuts.

Benefits: Protects brain cells from oxidative stress, which means there are too many free radicals in the body, and that is not good or healthy.

3. B Vitamins (especially B6, B9, B12)

These vitamins are important for energy production and healthy communication between neurons (called neurotransmitter synthesis), which reduces loss of brain cells, called cognitive decline.

Foods that contain vitamin B: Eggs, leafy greens, legumes, poultry, fish.

4. Vitamin E

Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant, which we explained about above.

Here are some foods that provide the benefits of vitamin E. Almonds, sunflower seeds, spinach, avocados.

5. Magnesium

Magnesium helps maintain proper communication between brain cells. It also

helps prevent cramps, spasms, and muscle stiffness.

Foods that contain magnesium are dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

6. Choline

A crucial element for the production of acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning.

Eat eggs (especially the yolk), liver, soybeans, and beef.

7. Zinc

Like magnesium, zinc also supports communication between neurons, improving memory, learning, and reducing the risk of cognitive disorders.

Foods that contain zinc: Oysters, meat, pumpkin seeds, chickpeas

8. Polyphenols

These are nutrients found in plants and there are many, but for brain health, flavonoids, which are chemicals found in plants and are one of the most researched groups of polyphenols, comes out top for brain health. They are powerful antioxidants that protect the brain’s neurons and they promote better blood flow to the brain.

Foods that contain flavonoids: Coffee, Green tea, red wine (in moderation), dark chocolate, fruits like apples and grapes

Summary

Fatty acids are necessary components of our daily diet and of this group, polyunsaturated fats, are generally healthier for the brain and body. Antioxidants fight off free radical damage, which , if not checked, can lead to cell damage and increased risk of disease.

B vitamins are vital for neurotransmitter synthesis, while vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant. Magnesium maintains the brain cell communication elements. Choline produces a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning. Zinc supports neuronal communication, and polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, protect brain neurons and promote better blood flow.

Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts. Antioxidant-rich foods include berries, dark chocolate, and leafy greens. B vitamins are present in eggs, legumes, and poultry. Vitamin E sources include almonds and avocados. Magnesium-rich foods are leafy greens, nuts, and whole grains. Choline can be obtained from eggs, liver, and beef. Zinc is found in oysters, meat, and pumpkin seeds. Flavonoid-rich foods include green tea, dark chocolate, and certain fruits.

Incorporating these nutrient-rich foods into a balanced diet supports overall brain health and cognitive function.

It is important to remember that a diverse and well-rounded diet is key to obtaining the full spectrum of benefits. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management contribute significantly to maintaining optimal brain function and reducing the risk of cognitive decline.

By incorporating a balanced diet rich in these nutrients, you can help optimize your brain function, support memory, and potentially reduce the risk of cognitive decline as you age.

A Word of Caution

Keep in mind that some of these health benefits may have alternate results depending upon your health and diet. It is aways a good idea to consult with a medical professional if you have a particular health condition or have questions about consuming any of the foods and nutrients described above.

What Alcohol Does to Your Brain

Alcholol Overview

When we are at night clubs, parties, social gatherings, or just in our own house, the temptation to drink alcohol can be overwhelming, especially for those of us who are frequent drinkers. Still, we know what it can do to our bodies, the least of which is our brains.

That said, we will not dwell on every aspect of what this potentially dangerous liquid can do to each of our bodies. Instead, we will focus on just one organ—the brain.

Think of this article as a handy guide for those who want a quick summary of the issues related to what alcohol can do to our brains. We will, of course, supply links where you can get further information if you like. Let’s start!

In the Beginning

When you drink alcohol, your body will absorb it pretty quickly, mainly through your stomach and small intestine, especially for those not experienced with drinking this substance. It doesn’t take long before it gets into your bloodstream, and then the dangers begin.

Your Brain

How does alcohol affect our brains? This is the organ most of us want to know about. Well, here’s the rundown.

It affects our neurons. What does that mean? If you recall our article on neurons, they are cells in the brain that transmit information to and from the nervous system. Just imagine what can happen if this information is transmitted incorrectly! Alcohol does this by disrupting the communication between the neurons, which can lead to all kinds of risky endeavors. Let’s delve deeper.

Impaired Distance

Defective Neurons in the Brain Can Cause this or Worse! *iStock*

Because the neurons are not communicating correctly, alcohol will impair your brain’s ability to process distance. It’s that straightforward. It will slow down your brain’s reaction time and disrupt your depth perception, making it harder to accurately judge how far away objects are. Additionally, reacting quickly when those judgments are thrown off makes it difficult.

Bottom line: It makes it difficult to tell how far away things are or how to get around them properly.

How does alcohol make you drunk?

It’s Depressing

Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows down your brain functions. This happens because alcohol affects your central nervous system, and your central nervous system communicates with your brain. Putting 2 and 2 together, you have a potential catastrophe if you are drunk and operating a motor vehicle. Even if your neurons communicate correctly (and let’s be honest, they probably won’t be if you’ve had too much), it can lead to some pretty dangerous situations. If you’re driving and a car suddenly hits the brakes in front of you, or if someone steps out onto the street, your reflexes won’t be quick enough to hit the brakes in time.

Bottom Line: Your coordination and judgment will be severely impaired.

I Don’t Remember Anything!

*Driver who was caught driving drunk at night. iStock*

This blog would not be complete without discussing what this drug does to your memory.

First, let’s talk about the hippocampus. This is the part of our brain that helps us create new memories, but it doesn’t like alcohol much. This is why people sometimes experience blackouts or just don’t remember anything from the previous night when they had a few too much.

This annoying event occurs because your neurotransmitters are disrupted. These are the communicative chemicals that are transmitted between the neurons. And these chemicals, like glutamate, are crucial for making and recalling memories.

If someone keeps drinking heavily over a long period, it can lead to even more serious memory problems. Prolonged drinking can actually damage brain cells and might lead to cognitive decline or conditions like alcohol-related dementia so with this type of drinking, your long-term memory can be damaged, but worse, you can have problems remembering things with your day-to-day activities, so get ready for that pink slip!

If that’s not enough to keep you from alcohol, there is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. This is a serious memory disorder that affects individuals who drink heavily for a long time, mainly because they’re lacking thiamine (that’s vitamin B1). It causes severe memory loss, confusion, and trouble creating new memories.

Summary

Acholol disrupts the neurons and communication in your brain and can do the following to you:

Impair your depth perception. This is perhaps the most dangerous factor, as you can get hurt just walking down the street, and if you are too ignorant to drive, you can injure or kill yourself or others. Yes, we are being very blunt here!
Not thinking clearly. Disruption of normal brain communications can lead to disorientation, subsequently causing you to go somewhere you shouldn’t be physically. If driving (yes, we are including the obvious), you can end up on the wrong side of the road, resulting in possibly killing others or yourself.
Depression. Besides the awful feeling, your reaction time is diminished.

Conclusion

Drinking alcohol can have a variety of effects on the brain, ranging from impaired judgment to long-term damage, but its most immediate and dangerous consequence is drunk driving. Driving under the influence endangers the driver and other road users. The severe consequences include accidents, potential fatalities, and, of course, having to deal with legal consequences that can range from getting arrested to being sued (or both).

Acting responsibly, planning ahead, and avoiding driving while intoxicated is essential to prevent these outcomes. The choice to drink and drive can have irreversible impacts, but by making more intelligent decisions, you can protect yourself and others on the road.

Getting Help!

For help, you can start with the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Also, go to Alcoholics Anonymous, and if things are really serious to the point that you don’t want to live anymore, try 998lifeline.org and the National Institute of Mental Health.

What is the Meaning of Items Listed on Food Labels?

Set of tables food information. — iStock

You have probably picked up a vitamin bottle and read its ingredients. After all, why would you not if you were interested in purchasing the item? But what do these numbers mean, especially the ones that say 110%, 120%, and so on? How could any ingredient be over 100%? We will break this down and explain this confusion.

Percent Daily Values

Let’s start with the most curious of questions. What do daily percentage values mean? It’s based on your body’s requirements for that particular nutrient, so 40% DV would mean your body is getting 40% of the 100% required for that specific ingredient. The vitamin bottle in the picture states that each tablet has 1111% vitamin C. You might be asking yourself, isn’t that a lot to consume per day? Research has shown that, in general, consuming less than 2000% of vitamin C is acceptable, but over 2000% can lead to digestive issues and other side effects. Of course, since all our bodies are different in one way or another, these are generalizations, but experts rely on these numbers as a reliable guide. The %DV ratings are based on a 2,000-calorie diet, a general reference point. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your caloric needs. For low Daily Value percentage values listed, such as 5%, all is not lost, as this may be helpful for those who want to watch out for foods that contain unwanted ingredients, such as saturated fat and cholesterol.

What is a Calorie?

It’s all about energy, more specifically, how much energy your body uses, which is measured by the rise in the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. Yes, it is referenced using the metric system, but note that one kilogram equals 0.02835 ounces, so 100 kilograms equals 2.825 ounces. If we round off the numbers for simplicity and heat .03 (3%) of an ounce of water (one kilogram) until it goes up 1 degree (Celcius), we have expended one calorie of energy. If we heat 3 ounces (85 grams) of water one degree (on the Celsius scale), and remember the formula of 1 calorie per gram per degree Celsius, that would equate to 85 grams X 1 degree Celsius = 85 calories. Simply put, one calorie generally refers to a certain amount of energy in a food serving.

Diving Deeper

The above is based on water, H20 to be exact, but different nutrients have different heat capacity equivalencies, called specific heat capacity. For example, the specific heat capacity of sodium is 1.228.

Nutritional Information

Food containers also contain information about nutrition. Let’s define what they mean.

1. Serving Size: In very general terms, one serving size of food is about ½ cup.
2. Calories: We discussed calories above. They generally correspond to the amount of energy exerted when an ingredient is heated to one degree Celsius.
3. Total Fat: Fats are nutrients that provide energy. They also help the body absorb vitamins, but we have to be alert to the types of fats in foods because not all fats are good for us. The bullet points below refer to the amount of fat in one serving.
  - Saturated Fat: Found in foods processed from animals, such as cheese. This type of fat is often associated with higher cholesterol levels.
  - Unsaturated fats: Foods found in plant-based oils, such as nuts and fish. Good for heart health.
  - Trans Fat: An unhealthy type of fat that should be avoided.
4. Cholesterol: The amount of cholesterol in one serving.
5. Sodium: Sodium is salt, so the number indicates the amount of salt present in one serving. Those who have certain heart conditions might want to pay attention to the amount of salt mentioned on the label.
6. Total Carbohydrates: Includes all types of carbohydrates, usually broken down into:
  - Dietary Fiber: The amount of fiber is essential for digestive health.
  - Sugars: Total amount of sugars, sometimes including added sugars.
7. Protein: Proteins are essential nutrients for your health. The more this ingredient is listed, the better it will be for your overall health.

Conclusion

When purchasing food, pay attention to their labels. These listings help us stay on top of our nutrition health. Some of the major points to remember are: Serving Size: Tells you how much you should eat in one go. Then, we have Calories, which are basically the amount of energy you get from that portion. Nutrients: Here, you’ll find details on fats, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It’s like a snapshot of what’s in your food. % Daily Value, or %DV: Shows you how much each nutrient contributes to your daily diet. So, if you’re trying to keep track of your intake, this can be pretty handy. And don’t forget about the Ingredients list! It’s usually arranged from most to least in the product. Having a good grasp on these labels can really help you make smarter choices about what you eat and subsequently make you a more healthy person!

Surgeon Convicted for HIPAA Violations

HIPAA compliance form and gavel in the court. — iStock

In our article “EHR and ICD-10 Explained,” we discussed the importance of healthcare privacy (Protected Health Information—PHI) and the legal consequences that a medical provider can face if he/she violates the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).

HIPAA was enacted on August 21, 1996, and is designed to (as stated in its General Rules section of their website the following):

- Ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all e-PHI they create, receive, maintain or transmit;

- Identify and protect against reasonably anticipated threats to the security or integrity of the information;

- Protect against reasonably anticipated, impermissible uses or disclosures; and

- Ensure compliance by their workforce.

Here’s one example of a HIPAA violation that went to the extreme and which signifies the importance of being vigilant so as not to breach PHI rules.

Surgeon Arrested for HIPAA Violations

A cardiac surgeon, Huping Zhou, was sentenced in April 2024 to four months in jail. He acquired patient records after being fired from the UCLA School of Medicine in 2003 and viewed them 323 times over a three-week period.

Zhou accessed the medical files of his coworkers and the confidential records of celebrities who were patients at the UCLA School of Medicine at one time or another after he was let go from the position.

Zhou pleaded guilty but claimed ignorance, as his lawyer stated that UCLA did not provide adequate training on the consequences of accessing confidential patient files at the time. That was not convincing enough for the court, and Zhou was sentenced and ordered to pay a $2,000.00 fine. This was the first time a person had been jailed for violating HIPPA privacy rules.

The US Government Takes PHI Very Seriously

It is evident that the government is taking HIPAA PHI infractions quite seriously and will take action against those who violate it. Although the case against Zhou was the first verdict for jail time, instances like this are not uncommon when it comes to violating the rights of celebrities.

In 2008, a former hospital employee accessed and sold Farrah Fawcett’s and Britney Spears’s medical records and gave them to the National Enquirer.

The government appears to be making it clear that breaches in healthcare PHI will not be tolerated. It conveys that adequate HIPAA training is essential within healthcare provider organizations.

For more information, please see Surgeon Jailed for HIPAA Privacy Law on the Abrams Fensterman website.

Understanding pH and Healthy Water

A Woman's Hand Filling Water from a Water Purifier — iStock

pH What?

Before we delve into the health of water, let’s define a few terms related to this subject.

- Acidity: Acidity means that an element (in the periodic table) can donate protons or accept electrons. Not all elements can do this, but for those that can donate protons, it happens during chemical reactions. One example is sulfuric acid, which can cause two protons to be donated. So, the underlying idea is to understand that any substances called ‘acids’ have the ability to donate protons in chemical reactions.

- Alkalinity: This process counters the hydrogen ions that enter a water body or solution. This action helps maintain the pH relatively stable, preventing it from becoming too acidic, which is not good for the environment, specifically drinking water.

- pH: pH, which stands for “potential of hydrogen,” is a scale that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Its numeric representation ranges from 0 to 14. Specifically, it indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, while values below 7 are acidic and above 7 are alkaline.

Water’s pH is crucial in determining its quality and potential health effects. Healthy water typically falls within a specific pH range suitable for human consumption. Let’s delve deeper into how pH relates to healthy water and why maintaining optimal pH levels is essential.

pH and Drinking Water

Yes, water can taste good, and it’s related to pH. Let’s take a look.

The pH of drinking water can vary depending on various factors, such as the original source of the water and the process by which the water is treated. Drinking water with a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 is considered healthy, but water below 6.5 may taste acidic (remember, acidity means atoms that can donate protons). Water with a pH above 8.5 may taste bitter but contain dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium.

Acidic vs. Alkaline Water

pH value scale chart for acid and alkaline solutions. iStock

As mentioned, water with a pH below 6.5 is considered acidic. Water with pH levels on or below 6 is considered lightly acidic and generally safe to drink. However, highly acidic water (below pH 5) can not only be harmful to our health but can cause such things as plumbing fixtures to begin to corrode. And if that’s the case, just think what it can do to your teeth!

Water with a pH above 7 is known as alkaline and in contrast to acidic water, alkaline water is known to have some health benefits. One study done in 2020 with mice showed it helped improve the aging process.

Maybe that’s because our bodies tend to be more alkaline naturally by a slight margin, with pH levels ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. In so doing, water within these levels can help support the body’s natural pH balance and maintain ideal hydration, so it is recommended to stay within this range when drinking water; however, many scientists believe that, in general, drinking alkaline water with a pH level of around 8 may be more beneficial in terms of hydration and bone health. It may also assist in the antioxidant process. But more scientific research is needed.

But let’s not overdo it. Drinking alkaline water excessively may alter the body’s pH balance too much, leading to negative health issues, such as disturbing the digestive system and causing acid reflux, and can possibly cause alkalosis, which can result in various health issues.

Drinking water with a pH that deviates significantly from the body’s natural pH on either side will most likely disrupt our internal processes and can potentially lead to more severe health issues. For instance, highly acidic water may irritate the digestive system and contribute to conditions like acid reflux, while highly alkaline water can also cause digestive issues and skin irritation.

Water Treatment and pH Adjustment

When living in the Bronx, this author’s father once said, “NYC water is the best water you can drink,” and he’s right. Just think of the consequences if 8.5 million people drink water that is not treated correctly!

Water treatment facilities adjust the pH of drinking water to ensure it meets regulatory standards and is safe for consumption. Common methods for pH adjustment include adding alkaline substances like lime or sodium hydroxide to raise pH or using acids like carbon dioxide or sulfuric acid to lower pH. The water is also tested frequently.

Testing and Monitoring pH

test strip in wate for PH testing — iStock

Water treatment plants regularly test and monitor pH to ensure quality and safety. Home testing kits or DIY tests are available if you’d like to test your water’s pH.

Conclusion

The ideal pH range for drinking water is between 6.5 and 8.5.

pH is a critical factor in determining the quality and suitability of water for drinking. Healthy water typically falls within a pH range of 6.5 to 8.5, which is compatible with the body’s natural pH balance and supports optimal hydration.

In general, water with a pH level below 6.5 is considered acidic, and Water with a pH level above 7 is alkaline. To easily remember which side of the pH scale is acidic and which is alkaline, use the phrase “Highline Alkaline.” This mnemonic links to the famous High Line park in NYC, helping you recall that alkaline substances are on the higher end of the pH scale, while acidic substances are on the lower end.

Proper pH levels in water ensure its safety and taste. Regular testing and pH monitoring help identify deviations from the optimal range and facilitate appropriate corrective measures to maintain water quality and health.

The Impact of Climate Change and Its Affects on Human Health

Illustration on what climate change can do to the enviprnent by showing trees — iStock

Climate Change Overview

Climate change is one of our planet’s most pressing issues, and its significance cannot be overstated. It is a global problem that affects every aspect of our lives, from the environment to the economy, and if left unchecked, it has the potential to cause devastating consequences.

Global warming directly affects human and animal life by making our environment hotter and more unpredictable. Increasing warmer weather can make us all sick, especially the elderly. It also makes the air dirtier, which can cause breathing problems like asthma.

Climate change disturbs our planet’s natural environment. For example, insects that spread diseases like malaria and Lyme disease are moving to new locations, affecting more people who have never been exposed to these diseases before. Sometimes, too much rain or not enough can interfere with our food and water supply. Bad storms and disasters are occurring more often. To stay healthy, we must stop climate change and care for each other.

This article will explore why global warming is so important and why urgent action is necessary to mitigate its effects.

The Environment

Detail of white smoke stackes polluting the sky — iStock

First and foremost, climate change, also known as global warming, is a threat to our ecosystem. The Earth’s climate is a complex entity, and any drastic changes can have far-reaching consequences.

The continuous rise in greenhouse emissions, such as pollutants from cars, planes, and industrial complexes, causes temperatures to rise. For example, increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can lead to more frequent natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, which destroy homes and infrastructure.

The temperature has risen about 1.8 degrees F (1° C) over the last century, but most of this rise has occurred within the last four decades. This slight rise in temperature may not sound significant, but it is and has already caused numerous global issues.

Natural disasters caused by this can also lead to an economic burden, as governments would be forced to spend billions of dollars on rebuilding damaged infrastructure and homes, as well as added costs to individuals.

Upsetting the Balance of Nature

Life-on-planet-earth-orange-and-white-koi-fish-near-yellow-koi-fish — Orange and white koi-fish near-yellow koi-fish-

Wildlife will not be immune to this changing environment either. As temperatures rise, it is becoming difficult for some animals to adapt. Some species could become endangered or even go extinct, and even now, polar bears are struggling to find food as the Arctic ice melts, and coral reefs are dying due to rising ocean temperatures.

The potential results can have problematic effects on our crops and agriculture. Crop failures will lead to increased food prices and potential famine in certain parts of the world, and disruptions in supply chains can lead to food and water shortages.

A negative change in the climate will also raise sea levels, which can lead to flooding and erosion of coastlines, further exacerbating the damage caused by natural disasters.

The Human Effect

Climate change can significantly impact our health. As temperatures rise, so does the risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke and dehydration.

Increased air pollution due to industrialization and deforestation can result in respiratory problems, heart disease, and even cancer. It can also spread illnesses such as malaria and dengue fever, since warmer temperatures create more favorable conditions for disease-carrying insects to propagate and spread to new regions.

Poor air quality resulting from increased pollution can also exacerbate the situation. Respiratory problems such as asthma may become more common, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

These health issues will disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing medical conditions. In populated communities, such as large cities, they can increase exponentially.

The Economy

As extreme weather events become more frequent, there is an increasing risk of damage to infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, and bridges. In addition, its impact on food prices will be detrimental worldwide. Building sea walls and other protective infrastructure is likely more common and costly for the everyday consumer.

Is There Light At the End of the Climate Tunnel?

Transitioning to a low-carbon economy can create economic opportunities, such as developing renewable energy sources and creating green jobs. An economic issue is that the effects of climate change can disrupt agriculture, leading to lower crop yields and higher food prices. This can disproportionately impact low-income countries, where agriculture is a significant part of the economy.

What You Can Do About It!

Given climate change’s significant impacts on the environment, human health, and the economy, we must take action to address this problem. The good news is that individuals, governments, and businesses can do many things to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Here are some of the more prominent advocacy groups that you can join to help mitigate climate change and reduce its impact on the environment and our health.

- 350.org: A global grassroots movement focused on ending the use of fossil fuels and promoting renewable energy solutions.
- Greenpeace: Known for its direct action campaigns, Greenpeace works to combat climate change, protect biodiversity, and advocate for environmental justice.
- Sierra Club: One of the oldest and largest environmental organizations in the United States, the Sierra Club works on issues including climate change, conservation, and renewable energy.

Acid Rain and the Effect on Our Climate

Like a domino effect, the acid then falls from the atmosphere and enters our water supply. This results in potential contamination of the water, subsequently affecting fish and other species, which can result in contamination of our entire food chain.

When the water is consumed by animals or for the cultivation of crops, both the animals and human beings bear the consequences. Acid rain also corrodes the trees and affects their ability to absorb nutrients from the soil and take up water.

Most of the acid rain today is a result of human activities. And since everything in the environment is closely linked to each other, if something harms one part of the environment, everything else gets affected.

Acid Rain – The Details?

Some natural activities such as rotting vegetation and volcanic activities result in the release of harmful gases. Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels also result in the release of compounds like sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. When these gases are released into the air, they react with other substances such as water and oxygen. This reaction results in the formation of acidic pollutants and can easily become a part of the rain, snow and fog.

Normal rain has a pH value between 5.0 and 5.5. So it is slightly acidic. But when acidic pollutants become a part of the rain, it becomes more acidic than normal and is known as acid rain.

Effects of Acid Rain on the Environment

Nature depends on balance. There is a certain percentage of acidic content present in the environment, which is normal, but as one noble writer put it quite eloquently and to the point: “Too much of anything is not good for you”; hence, an overabundance of acidic content will have a negative impact on the environment with which we live.

Effects on Plants and Trees

Acid rain affects plants and trees in multiple ways. When the acidic pollutants are absorbed in the soil, it removes the essential minerals and nutrients. As a result, plants and trees do not get adequate nutrition. Acid rain also allows aluminum to seep into the soil. This affects the ability of the trees to absorb water which is essential for their growth.

Another way through which acid rain affects the trees is by hindering their ability to absorb sunlight. The acidic fog and air do not allow the absorption of sunlight through the leaves. Since the basic requirements for the growth of plants are not met, the trees eventually die.

Effects on Marine and Wildlife

The effects of acid rain are most obvious on the marine ecosystem. As the contaminated water flows through the soil, it can bring along soil that is rich in aluminum to the streams and lakes. Thus, the streams and lakes develop more acidic water along with a higher content of aluminum.

Some marine plants and animals are more resistant to acidic water.

Underwater photo of fish and its landscape — Photo: Grapic Stock

However, species that are sensitive to high acidic content suffer greatly due to acid rain. The eggs of most species of fish cannot hatch in an acidic environment. Also, some species of adult fish can actually die.

In cases where the fish can tolerate acidic water, most of the other animals and plants they feed on might not survive in that environment. As a result, the fish die due to inadequate nutrition.

While acid rain directly affects marine species, it indirectly affects birds and other animals as well. Acid rain is known to be the biggest reason for the decline of the population of some species of birds including wood thrush. It also affects animals that depend on marine life for survival. Mammals including bears which heavily depend on fish need to find an alternate source of food due to the decreasing population of these types of fish.

Effects on Humans

The presence of sulfuric and nitric acid in the environment can make the air hazy. This is the reason why acid rain is a primary contributor to the formation of fog and smog. As far as the effect on humans is concerned, walking in acid rain is no more damaging than walking in normal rain. However, the presence of pollutants in the air can have a harmful effect on human health. The presence of acidic pollutants affects the quality of air. The sulfate and nitrate particles in the air can affect the function of the heart and lungs. Thus, acid rain is one of the major causes of increasing respiratory problems in humans including asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.

Conclusion

Apart from living things, acid rain is known to affect non-living things as well. It can corrode buildings, statues and other man-made structures. Though sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are not greenhouse gases, they definitely have an important effect on the recent climate change as both these gases have serious effects on the environment. Since the primary source of these gases comes from burning fossil fuels, by reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, we can control the damaging effects of acid rain.

Neuralink – The Brain’s Sixth Sense

AI in the form of woman cyborg or bot coming out of the screen phone and offers to use digital mind — iStock

Lucy Has Arrived!

In 2014, the sci-fi thriller Lucy was released in theaters nationwide. It starred Scarlett Johanson, whose brain became so powerful that she could move objects with nothing but a thought.

This may sound far out, but it is much closer than you think. Enter the ‘Link’ —a computer chip implanted inside the human brain. It can read and convert our thoughts into digital signals a computer will understand and respond to.

Although the Link is in its fetal stages, the results are so promising that we can confidently say that Lucy is here to stay. No more is it a thought of the future (pun intended )

One example would be a person who wants to browse the web on their iPhone, and he/she would control the device by simply thinking about it. This can be particularly useful for those who have paralysis, neurological disorders, or prosthetic limbs, as well as assisting with a range of other disorders where a person is medically incapacitated.

The Makers of the Link

Elon Musk discussing the Neuralink. Wikimedia CC

Neuralink is an advanced neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk. It specializes in developing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). These interfaces allow communication between the human brain and external devices by translating neural activity (movement of brain cells) into digital signals (the electrical impulses (1s and 0s) that computer systems use, called “bits).

The Neuralink Device

The Link is a tiny, flexible device about the size of a small coin surgically embedded into the human skull. It contains thousands of hair-thin electrodes that interface directly with the brain cells. These electrodes read the neural activity and translate them into digital data (the 1s and 0s mentioned above).

This is quite fascinating because there are roughly 86 billion cells in the brain, each measuring about 680 microns, which is extremely small. One micron equals 0.000039 inches or 1/100 the size of a human hair.

Groundbreaking Medical Features

Man head showing the human brain — iStock

Wireless Charging

From cell phones to earbuds to EV cars, we all have some device that needs routine charging, maybe twice a day, depending upon its use. With the Link, it gets its charge from the skin.

A Robotic Miracle

If you think AI is cool, imagine a robot that surgically implants the device in the brain! That might sound scary, but it has been proven to work more efficiently than any human can do, no matter how skilled the surgeon might be.

How Does It Work?

The process involves several steps.

1. Recording Neural Activity: The Link has thousands of thin, flexible electrodes embedded in the brain tissue. These terminals capture the electrical pulses of nearby neurons and their voltage fluctuations. The fluctuations are in analog format, meaning that they act like a sine wave. Digital data is in the form of whether a signal is on (represented by a computer bit of 1) or off (represented by a computer bit of 0). The size of the voltage fluctuations determines which instance it is and is subsequently converted to the appropriate computer bit format.
2. Neuron cells send electrical chemical signals. 3d illustration. iStock
3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion: This is a common practice for many devices we use every day, and the Neuralink device is no different, except that the translation process occurs within the tiny Link chip. The captured analog signals are changed into digital data via the chip’s electronics, which amplifies the weak signals, filters out the noise, and then converts the voltage changes into a series of digital bits.
4. Feature Extraction: Not all neural activity is converted. The Link’s processing unit analyzes the digital data stream and extracts specific features that are known to be associated with the desired output, such as movement, speech, or sensory perception. This could involve identifying patterns in the timing and frequency of the electrical spikes or the activity of specific groups of neurons.
5. Machine Learning Algorithms: Now, the AI part. The extracted data is fed into machine learning algorithms trained on a large dataset of brain activity. These algorithms map the neural patterns to specific commands, thoughts, or sensations; in other words, they decode the brain’s messages.
6. Output Generation: Based on the decoded information, the Link can trigger specific actions (e.g., controlling a computer cursor or prosthetic limb) or generate external signals (e.g., synthetic speech or electrical stimulation for sensory restoration).

How the Link Will Be Applied

Neuralink’s technology can potentially transform medical technology into the 24th century and beyond.

Man's brainwaves connecting to his body. AI generated — Fotor AI-Generated

- Human-Computer Interaction: The ability to control devices directly through thought is closer now than ever.
- Medical Applications: Restoring lost sensory and motor functions in individuals with paralysis or neurological disorders.
- Cognitive Enhancement: Humans may be able to retain information at an exceptional level, called Enhancing Memory. The possibility of having extremely long-term memory can have significant advantages for everyone, from students to the elderly, who would gain the most benefits.

The Future of Neuralink

The Neuralink technology holds immense potential to reshape our understanding of the brain and its interaction with technology. While challenges remain, ongoing research and development efforts bring us closer to a future where brain-computer interfaces will become a reality. The potential for advanced human abilities and our interaction with the world around us will be within our reach!

Geraldo Rivera Day

A Day for Geraldo

Regarding journalism, it’s hard to match the accomplishments of Geraldo Rivera and officials in Long Island wanted to emphasize his achievements by making May 13th ‘Geraldo Rivera Day’.

At a ceremony in Westbury, NY, honoring attorney and philanthropist Howard Fensterman for his charitable donations to healthcare research, it was an opportune time to acknowledge River for his outstanding reporting about the horrendous conditions at the Willowbrook School for the mentally disabled.

Fensterman’s law firm, Abrams Fensterman, LLP, partially sponsored the ceremonial event along with Hudson Regional LTC Pharmacy and car manufacturer Subaru.

Rivera became nationally famous when, as a NYC reporter for ABC’s Eyewitness News in 1972, he uncovered these conditions at the Willowbrook institution in Staten Island, NY.

As a result of Rivera’s reporting, significant policy changes materialized for the care of mentally ill patients and individuals with disabilities, ultimately leading to the deinstitutionalization movement, which moved patients from large, isolated institutions to community-based care centers. Additionally, legislation such as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (later known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, IDEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 were introduced.

At the ceremony, Geraldo stood alongside Nassau County Executive Bruce Blakeman and Town of Babylon officials as they announced the special day at Life WORC’s 36th annual Geraldo Rivera Golf Classic.

Depraved Indifference Induces Morality

WORC provides residential and community services, employment services, and financial support to patients and families who have developmental disabilities, including autism. It is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that was founded by Vicki Schneps-Yunis in 1971, whose daughter was an attendant at the Willowbrook School.

Howard Fensterman and Vickey Schepps-Yunis at the WORC ceremony in Westbury, LI

“I met Geraldo at Willowbrook when my daughter was there and I was marching and picketing, and I was working on knocking on air until Geraldo came with his cameras and the power of his passionate coverage of my darling Lara and the 5400 people that lived there propelled us to a class action lawsuit Willowbrook was closed,” quoting Schneps-Yunis by the Long Island Press.

The facility was shut down due to the advocacy work of Schneps-Yunis and the reporting by Rivera, which brought this issue to the forefront.

The Long Island Press quoted Blakeman stating “Geraldo Rivera is an amazing guy, He’s had an incredible career in journalism and as an advocate. I remember Geraldo when he was a fighting reporter. And he met Vicki [Schneps-Yunis] through his advocacy and his journalistic work at the Willowbrook Center, which was a center that was abusing children. He exposed that and he changed the whole conversation with respect to how we treat people with disabilities and with mental illness. So we’re here to celebrate him, we’re here with Vicki to to raise money and raise the consciousness of people to the plight of these individuals that could use a little extra help.”

As Rivera, who is a West Babylon native, took the podium and said “For all these many, many years, we’ve been on this crusade, we’ve taken this idea, this idea of humanity, this idea of caring for the disabled, treating them with the same constitutional rights as any able-bodied person. It has changed the world with that simple concept, the concept of equality. We have changed the world. No more warehousing of humanity. No more shutting people away. Now it’s embracing, celebrating and moving forward.”

Geraldo Rivera’s impact on journalism and advocacy, particularly through his groundbreaking reporting on the Willowbrook School, has left an indelible mark on society. The designation of May 13th as ‘Geraldo Rivera Day’ in Long Island serves as a testament to his contributions. The ceremony in Westbury, NY, honoring both Howard Fensterman for his philanthropic efforts and Rivera for his advocacy, highlighted the profound changes spurred by Rivera’s work. His exposure of the inhumane conditions at Willowbrook not only led to policy reforms and significant legislation but also shifted the societal approach toward individuals with disabilities, advocating for their rights and dignity.

In Conclusion

This event, supported by Fensterman’s law firm, Hudson Regional LTC Pharmacy, and Subaru, showcased the continued commitment to these ideals through organizations like Life WORC, founded by Vicki Schneps-Yunis, a fellow advocate inspired by Rivera’s work.

As Rivera eloquently stated, the fight for equality and humane treatment for all individuals, regardless of their abilities, continues to drive forward, changing the world for the better. The community’s recognition and celebration of Rivera’s legacy reinforce the enduring importance of journalistic integrity and advocacy in fostering social change. Donations to Life WORC remain a vital avenue for supporting this ongoing mission.

Which Brain Cells Require Stimulation to Support Memory?

We previously discussed the top foods are for brain health, but some supplements have been studied to be healthy for your brain as well. With all the advertising about this subject, let’s take a look at what ingredients are nutrients act as the real stimulants for your brain cells.

Hippocampus

Before we delve into brain cells, it is important to note which part of the brain has the most influence on cognitive functionality: the hippocampus. Located in the medial temporal lobe, it is associated with learning and memory functions.

The Cells

While there isn’t a single type of cell responsible for memory, several cell types play crucial roles:

Neurons

Neurons are the primary cells in the brain responsible for transmitting and processing information. Certain types of neurons, particularly those involved in long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic plasticity, are crucial in memory. These neurons form connections (synapses) with other neurons, and the strength and efficiency of these connections are believed to underlie memory formation.

Glial Cells

Glial cells, the unsung heroes of the brain, including astrocytes and microglia, are not just support staff for neurons. As recent research suggests, they also have active roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are the building blocks of memory formation.

Neurotransmitters

Several neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin, modulate synaptic transmission. In layman’s terms, this means that they control the communication between neurons at the synapse, which is the gap between two nerve cells where neurotransmitters are released and received.

This is the fundamental process underlying memory formation.

Neurogenesis

Contrary to the long-held belief that neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, is a one-time event in the brain’s development, recent evidence suggests it’s a lifelong process in certain brain regions, including the hippocampus. These fresh neurons are believed to contribute to specific memory processes, adding a fascinating layer to our understanding of memory formation.

Stimulating specific brain regions or cell types through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or optogenetics can modulate neural activity and potentially enhance memory formation. However, the precise mechanisms underlying memory formation are still an active research area.

Cognitive Function Enhances

Now that we’ve grasped the functions of cells in the brain, let’s delve into some substances that bolster these cells, ensuring their vitality and health. While this compilation isn’t exhaustive, it serves as a starting point for identifying key components in brain-enhancing supplements, commonly referred to as nootropics.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

DHA is food for your brain cells. It’s a healthy fat that keeps the cells strong and flexible, similar to how eating veggies helps your body remain healthy. When you have enough DHA in your diet, it supports the health of all kinds of brain cells, assisting them to communicate better and work more efficiently. This can lead to improved memory, learning, and overall brain function.

DHA is part of the omega-3 fatty acid family and consequently, it helps keep the cell receptors healthy. Cell receptors are located on the surface of cells or inside the cell. They serve as “sensors” that can recognize and bind to the neurotransmitters; in other words, they help enhance the singling process of the neurons. And as an FYI, you can also help your cell receptors by eating fish, especially salmon.

Choline

No, you don’t need to get it from a swimming pool, but you can get it in a supplement. Research has found that choline supplementation may have cognitive benefits, particularly in memory and attention. It is believed to enhance cognitive performance in adults and may reduce the risk of cognitive decline with aging.

Huperzine A

This is a natural compound derived from the Chinese club moss plant, Huperzia serrata. It works on neurotransmitters, specifically, it keeps acetylcholine alive and well by prohibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking it down. By inhibiting this enzyme, Huperzine A can increase the levels of acetylcholine; thus, it maintains neural transmission, which is important for memory, learning, and overall cognitive function.
Huperzine A has been studied as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Some research suggests that it may improve memory and cognitive function in individuals with these conditions.

It is important to note that while Huperzine A shows promise as a cognitive enhancer, more research is needed to understand its effects and potential long-term benefits and risks fully. Like other nootropics, it should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

B Vitamins

B vitamins, particularly B6, B12, and folic acid (B9), play a crucial role in brain function. They help the body convert food into energy for cells, including brain cells and are important for the production of neurotransmitters that regulate mood, memory, and focus.

Summary

While the field of nootropics continues to evolve, it is evident that certain ingredients hold promise in supporting memory, focus, and overall cognitive well-being. However, further research and regulation are imperative to ensure safety, efficacy, and ethical use for some of them.

Here we gave a summary of some of the components of the brain and some potential brain enhancing ingredients. As we navigate this exciting frontier further it is essential to approach brain enhancement with a balanced perspective, acknowledging both the possibilities and limitations of these ingredients in enhancing our cognitive abilities.